Bibliography and notes
Most of the runic inscriptions mentioned in this book are discussed in greater detail in the volumes of Sveriges runinskrifter—the enterprise known as Runverket (a term also used of the institute responsible for it)—published by the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities (Vitterhetsakademien). The provinces so far covered are represented by these volumes: Gotlands runinskrifter I—II (1962—78; a third and final volume is expected in a couple of years); Gästriklands runinskrifter (1981); Närkes runinskrifter (1975); Smålands runinskrifter (1935—61); Södermanlands runinskrifter (1924—36); Upplands runinskrifter (1940 — 58; a supplement and introductory survey are in progress); Värmlands runinskrifter (1978); Västergötlands runinskrifter (1940—70); Västmanlands runinskrifter (1964); Ölands runinskrifter (1900—06); and Östergötlands runinskrifter (1911—18). Work on the publication of Hälsinglands runinskrifter has begun, and Runverket has embarked on preliminary investigations into the material from the remaining provinces.
It should be mentioned that the first volumes of Sveriges runinskrifter, those on Öland and Östergötland published at the beginning of the century, are now out of date. To a large degree this is because of the numerous new finds made in recent decades, in these provinces as elsewhere. Runverket is superintending the collection of material for new modern editions of these volumes. Many newly discovered, or rediscovered, runic inscriptions have been published over the years in Fornvännen (Tidskrift för svensk antikvarisk forskning; published by Vitterhetsakademien), and information about new finds will continue to appear in this journal.
For information about inscriptions in Skåne, Halland and Blekinge reference should, for the present, be made to Danmarks Runeindskrifter (1941—42), and to Erik Moltke, Runerne i Danmark og deres Oprindelse (1976), which is now in English, with some additional material, as Runes and their Origin: Denmark and Elsewhere (1985). The Bohuslän inscriptions have been published in the Norwegian series, Norges innskrifter med de yngre runer 5 (1960), 220—30.
Inscriptions published in the volumes of Runverket are referred to by abbreviations in which the initial letter or letters indicate the volume according to province and the following figure the number of the inscription in the volume, thus: G = Gotlands runinskrifter, Gs = Gästriklands runinskrifter, Nä = Närkes [178] runinskrifter, Sm = Smålands runinskrifter, Sö = Södermanlands runinskrifter, U = Upplands runinskrifter, Vg = Västergötlands runinskrifter, Vr = Värmlands runinskrifter, Vs = Västmanlands runinskrifter, Og = Östergötlands runinskrifter, Öl = Ölands runinskrifter. The Danish runic corpus is abbreviated DR, the Norwegian NlyR.
The three large-scale Scandinavian series contain detailed references to the relevant scholarly literature. Their amplitude allows me to limit my references to a number of more recent publications and to works of importance either in considering specific problems or in discussing general theoretical approaches.
Among runological surveys may be mentioned: E. Brate, Sveriges runinskrifter (2nd ed., 1928); O. von Friesen, Upplands runstenar (1913), Runorna i Sverige (1928), Runorna (in Nordisk Kultur 6, 1933); W. Krause, Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark (2nd ed., 1966); E. Moltke. Runerne i Danmark og deres oprindelse (1976; in English as Runes and their Origin: Denmark and Elsewhere, 1985); L. Musset, Introduction à la runologie (1965); K. Duwel, Runenkunde (2nd ed., 1983); R. Elliott, Runes (1959); R.I. Page, An Introduction to English Runes (1973); A. Ruprecht, Die ausgehende Wikingerzeit im Lichte der Runeninschriften (1958); Niels Å. Nielsen, Danske Runeindskrifter (1983).
[179]p. 9 For contributions to the discussion on the origin of runes see e.g. O. von Friesen, Runorna (1933) 5f., with references; E. Moltke, Runerne i Danmark (1976), Runes and their Origin: Denmark and Elsewhere (1985); L. Musset, Introduction à la runologie (1965); W. Krause, Die Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark (1966) 6f.
p. 10The great antiquity of runes was maintained for example by the learned Johannes Magnus, the last Catholic archbishop to reside in Sweden. In his grandiose and in many respects admirable Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sveonumque regibus, printed in Rome in 1554, he wrote: “The Göter had their letters and writings long before the Latin were invented”—as is shown by “the great stones erected by the ancient graves and cemeteries of the Göter. Letters are cut on these stones from which we may readily learn that they were erected by mighty heroes before the Flood or immediately after it.”
p. 11The Gårdlösa brooch: The inscription is misunderstood in the book O forna tiders kvinnor (Statens Historiska Museer, 1975) 89.
p. 12On the futhark sequence, division into “families” and names of runes see e.g. O. von Friesen, Runorna (1933) 35f.
p. 25On the 16-rune futhark: E. Wessén, Om vikingatidens runor (Filologiskt arkiv 6; 1957), Från Rök till Forsa (Filologiskt arkiv 14; 1969); E. Moltke, Runerne i Danmark (1976), Runes and their Origin: Denmark and Elsewhere (1985).
p. 26The Novgorod bone piece: I. Sanness Johnsen, Stuttruner (1968) 169.
p. 28Staveless runes: S.B.F. Jansson, De stavlösa runornas tydning (Filologiskt arkiv 30; 1983).
p. 29The inscriptions in Bergen: A. Liestøl, Runer frå Bryggen (in Viking 27; 1964), Runic voices from towns of ancient Norway (in Scandinavica 13; 1974).
On medieval runology in Sweden see E. Svärdström in Rig 1972, 77f., Runfynden från gamla Lödöse (1982).
p. 31The Sparlösa stone: Vg 119; the Rök stone: Ög 136; E. Wessén, Runstenen vid Röks kyrka (Vitterhetsakademiens handlingar, Filologisk-filosofiska serien 5; 1958), Rök, ett fornminne och ett ortnamn (in Fornvännen 1975, 5f.), Från Rök till Forsa (Filologiskt arkiv 14; 1969). O. Grønvik, Runeinnskriften på Rök-steinen (in Maal og minne 3—4, 1983, 101—149)
p. 37The Oklunda inscription: A Nordén, Ett rättsdokument från en fornsvensk offerlund (in Fornvännen 1931, 330f.); O.v. Friesen, Runorna (1933) 152f.
The Forsa ring: A. Liestøl, Runeringen i Forsa (in Saga och Sed 1979, 12f.).
p. 39The Kälvesten stone: A. Nordén, “Sparlösa” och “Kälvesten”, våra äldsta historiska runinskrifter (in Fornvännen 1961, 256f.).
p. 47The Ladoga inscription: G. Høst, Innskriften fra Gamle Ladoga (in Norsk tidsskrift for sprogvidenskap 19, 1960, 418f.); W. Krause, Die Runeninschrift von Alt-Ladoga (ibid., 555f.); A. Liestøl, Runic Inscriptions (in Varangian Problems, 1970, 122f.), The Literate Vikings (in Proceedings of the Sixth Viking Congress [Uppsala 1969], 1971, 70).
p. 54Asmundr Karason: S.B.F. Jansson, Runristare (in Kulturhistoriskt lexikon för nordisk medeltid 14, 1969, col. 497f.).
p. 60The Gårdby stone: Öl 28; S.B.F. Jansson, Till tolkningen av Gårdbystenen på Öland (in Arkiv för nordisk filologi 62, 1947, 186).
[180]p. 61The Berezanj stone: T.J. Arne, Den svenska runstenen från ön Berezanj utanför Dnjepermynningen (in Fornvännen 1914, 44f.).
p. 62The Piræus-löven: H. Shetelig, Piræus-löven in Venezia (in Fornvännen 1923, 201f.); E. Brate, Yttrande över föregående arbete (in Fornvännen 1923, 222f.); S.B.F. Jansson, Pireuslejonets runor (in Nordisk tidskrift 1984, pt. 1).
p. 63On the Ingvar stones: G. Jarring, Serkland (in Namn och Bygd 1983, 125f.); M. Larsson, Vart for Ingvar den vittfarne? (in Fornvännen 1983, 95f.).
p. 90The Högby stone: Ög 81; Th. Andersson, Högbystenens runinskrift (in Festskrift till Olav Ahlbäck, 1971, 17f.) with references.
p. 100The Malsta stone: O. v. Friesen in Runorna (1933) 160f.; S.B.F. Jansson, De stavlösa runornas tydning (Filologiskt arkiv 30; 1983); Två runstenar i Hälsingland: Malsta och Sunnå (Filogogiskt arkiv 33; 1985).
p. 108The two rune stones at the south end of Jarlabank’s bridge were moved before the Reformation, one to Danderyd church, the other to Fresta church.
p. 111Rune stone with the phrase gæra aur: T. Holmberg, Göra ör efter sina söner (in Fornvännen 1974, 202f.).
p. 112“Die in white clothes”: on the rune stone found in 1972 see Fornvännen 1973, 192f.
p. 114Vg 186: Timmele churchyard, now at Dagsnäs.
p. 115Vg 105: Särestad’s old church.
Vg 122: Abrahamstorp, Barne-Åsaka, now at Dagsnäs.
p. 121The Jarlabanke stone at Vallentuna church: U 212; Th. Andersson, Iarlabanki atti alt hundari þetta (in Svenska studier från runtid till nutid, 1973, 16f.).
p. 128The Hassmyra stone: Vs 24; L. Peterson, Kvinnonamnens böjning i fornsvenskan (Anthroponymica suecana 8; 1981) 149.
p. 129The Härene stone: Vg 59; E. Salberger, Sum:kuin (in Arkiv för nordisk filologi 19, 1975, 11 If.).
p. 133Þorbiorn skald: U 25, 532.
GrimR skald: U 951 and probably U 916.
Uddr skald: Vg 4.
p. 137i grati: Jón Helgason, Bällsta-inskriftens “i grati” (in Arkiv för nordisk filologi 59, 1944, 159f.).
p. 138Maeshowe nr 18: M. Olsen, De norröne runeinnskrifter (in Runorna, Nordisk Kultur 6, 1933, 102f.).
p. 141The Ribe stick: E. Moltke, Runepindene fra Ribe (in Fra Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1960, 122f.).
p. 145The Ramsund carving: Sö 101. Another interesting depiction of Sigurd slayer of Favner is in Hyllestad church in Norway, see W. Holmqvist, Germanic art (1955), pl. 62; M. Blindheim, Norwegian romanesque decorative sculpture 1090—1210 (1965), pl. 197-8.
p. 147The Oseberg cart: A.W. Brøgger and H. Shetelig, The Viking ships (1951) 92.
p. 148The Franks Casket: in Runorna (Nordisk Kultur 6, 1933) 50f.; J. Beckwith, Ivory Carvings in Early Medieval England (1972), Cat. no. 1.
p. 152Kirk Andreas (Man): P.M.C. Kermode, Manx Crosses (1907) 192 and pl. 52; S.M. Margeson in The Viking Age in the Isle of Man (1983) 95f.
p. 158The Köping find: S.B.F. Jansson, Om runstensfynden vid Köping på Öland (in Fornvännen 1954, 83f.).
p. 164A gravestone from Grenjaðarstaður (Iceland): A. Bæksted, Islands [181]Runeindskrifter (1942) 176f.
p. 173Rune staves: S.O. Jansson, Runkalendarium (in Kulturhistoriskt lexikon för nordisk medeltid 14, 1969, col. 494f., with references).
