The age of the Vikings, 2014/Index

The age of the Vikings — Index автор Anders Winroth

Источник: Anders Winroth - The age of the Vikings. — Princeton University Press, 2014. — С. 293-304

[293]INDEX

Abul-Abbas (Charlemagne’s elephant), 71 Adalbert (archbishop of Bremen), 110, 129 Adalbert, St., 48 Adam of Bremen, 110, 117, 194, 195, 197 Adrian IV, Pope (Cardinal Nicolas Breakspear), 210, 211 Ægir (sea god), 135–136 æsir. See Norse mythology Afghanistan, 103 Afterworld. See funerary rituals; graves; ship burials agriculture. See farms and farming in Scandinavia Alcuin (theologian), 21–22, 202 Alexander III, Pope, 210 Alfheah (archbishop of Canterbury), 26–27, 206 Alfred (English king), 52, 79, 84, 110, 112, 154 al-Masudi, 113 al-Muqtadir, Caliph Jafar, 101–102 Alphege, St. (Alfheah), 26–27, 206 Amleth, King, 146–147 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 19, 22, 27, 72 animal bones: as found in graves of humans, 163 animal husbandry, 171

animal sacrifices, 3, 4, 193–194, 195, 196–197 animals, as motif in decorative art, 237–238, 239 Anna Andersdotter, 216 Annals of St-Bertin, 19, 40 Annals of Ulster, 19 Anse-aux-Meadows, 68, 69 Ansgar (missionary), 108, 109–110, 121, 133, 146, 154, 201; and Scandinavian kings, 203–205, 209 Arab Caliphate, as traders with Europe and Scandinavia, 100–104, 113, 114–115, 126 archeological excavations: at Anseaux-Meadows, 68, 69; of farms, 64–66, 173, 176–177; at Gokstad, 30–31; in Gotland, 99–101, 105; in Greenland, 61–62, 64–66, 67; on Jutland, 145–146; of a pagan temple, 192–193; runic inscriptions unearthed by, 214; of trade towns, 106–108; at Valsgärde, 94, 121. See also Estrid Sigfastsdotter; Oseberg ship burial ards, 169 Aristotle, 51 arm rings: as status symbol, 135–136 Arnorr jarlaskald, 26,87–88 135–137, 138, 227–229

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art. See decorative art Åsmund Kåresson, 240 Astrid Olofsdotter, Queen, 141–42 Atlakviða, 35 Attila the Hun, 35 Avars, 42, 43 axes, 24–27 Baldr, 190–191 Baldwin (count of Flanders), 48 Baltic Sea, as trade route, 109, 110, 111–112 Banki, runestone for, 82–83 Battle of Maldon, The, 27–31, 72 bear, cult of, 194 Beowulf, 7, 137–138, 139, 172, 180, 222, 226; ship burial described in, 90–91 Bergelmir (mythological giant), 188–189 Bergen, Norway, runic inscriptions found in, 214 Bernard of Clairvaux, 211 berserks, 34, 38–39 Birka, 154; missionaries in, 201, 203–204; as trade town, 105, 109–110, 121, 128–129, 177 Bison (ship), 77–78, 227 Björn (king in Birka), 133, 203 Björn Ironside, 35 blood eagle, legend of, 37–38 booty, as goal of medieval warfare, 41–44, 134–138 Bragi the Old, 186, 187 Brate, Erik, 225 bread making, 168–169 Brian Boru, 55–56 British Isles, Vikings as influence in, 52–60 brooches: as decorative art, 236–237, 239; used to hold clothing in place, 167 Brunanburh, battle of, 75

Bulghar, as trading center, 102–103, 114–115, 116 Bureus, Johannes, 216 Byrhtnoth, 27–31, 40, 206 Byzantine Empire: Scandinavians as mercenaries in army of, 24, 26, 153; trade with, 50, 115 canoes, dugout, 80–81 Charlemagne, Emperor, 9–10, 12, 124, 132, 145, 155, 202; booty acquired by, 41–44; coinage reform instituted by, 124; and encounters with Vikings, 71; as founding father of Europe, 43. See also Frankish armies Charles the Bald, King, 23, 42, 48, 125, 204 chieftains, Viking: and booty used as reward for loyalty, 41, 44, 134–138; competition among, 10–11, 132, 134, 142, 152; halls of, 6–8, 138–141, 172–173; as hosts, 138–41; luxury goods enjoyed by, 2–4, 104–105, 118–119; poetry composed in homage to, 4–5, 131, 134–138, 141–142; regalia of, 2–3; sea battles among, 87–88; and the shift to kingship, 142–143 child mortality, 162–163 Christian IV, King, 63 Christian legends: Leviathan, 188; Noah and the Great Flood, 188 Christian missionaries, in Scandinavia, 198–199, 201–202, 203–205 Christianity: gradual acceptance of, 199–202; Harald Bluetooth as follower of, 184; as “new” religion, 10, 141, 159; and role of the Church in establishing kingship in Scandinavia, 142–144, 148, 155–156, 198–199, 205–211, 244–245, 246; Scandinavian conversion to, 198–211

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Christians, as pilgrims to the Holy Land, 158–160 Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 158 churches and monasteries, as targets of Viking raiders, 11–12, 15–16, 21–22. See also Christianity Cináed ua hArtacáin (poet), 55 climate theory, ancient, 51–52 Clontarf, battle of, 55–56 clothing, 167–168 Cnut, King, 35, 41, 44, 56–57, 135–136, 151, 153, 154, 165, 166, 241 Cogad Gáedel re Gailab (The War of the Irish against the Foreigners), 55–56 coins and coinage: from the Arab Caliphate, 101–104; dating of, 115–116; early use of, 52–53, 101–104, 123–127; found on Gotland, 99–101; minting of, 129–130. See also dirhams, Arabic Comgall, St., 124 Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, 81 Cuthbert, St., 53 dairy products, 168 danegelds, 40–41, 59, 151. See also tribute Danevirke, 145–146, 182 Darraðarljóð, 56 decorative art: animals as motif in, 237–238; brooches, 236–237; differing styles of, 237–238; as luxury commodity, 10 Denmark: Christian conversion in, 201, 202–203; and establishment as Scandinavian kingdom, 132–136; as hierarchical society, 151; as kingdom, 144–152; slave trade in, 117 dirhams, Arabic: found in Russia, 114; found in Scandinavia, 100–101, 103, 105, 115–116, 127, 238; source of, 101–104 Dnieper River, 81, 120

Domesday Book, 243 Dorestad: attack on, 47–48, 69–70; as trading settlement, 121–123, 129 dróttkvætt stanza, 220–223, 226, 233; form of, 223 Dublin, Ireland, Vikings in, 54–56, 123 dugout canoes, 80–81 Dvina River, 111 Ebo (archbishop of Reims), 202, 203–204, 205 edda. See Poetic Edda; Prose Edda Edmund (English king’s son), revolt of, 12 Edmund (Swedish king), 205 Edward the Confessor, 151 Egil Skallagrimsson, 136 Eilífr Godrúnarson, 185 Einar (chieftain), 26 Einar (poet), 131, 181, 182–183, 192 Einar Sokkason, 62 Ella (king of Northumbria), 35–37 emigration: motivation for, 51–52; of Vikings from Scandinavia, 12, 45–47, 51–53, 69–70; of women, 57. See also British Isles; Greenland; Scandinavian influences English language, Scandinavian influence on, 46–47, 57–58 Ephesians, Epistle to the, 202 Erik V, King, 245 Erik Bloodaxe, 54, 136, 152 Erik Emune, 246 Erik the Red, 60, 61–62, 68 Erikstorp, Sweden, treasure found at, 238–240 Erispoe, Prince, 17 Erling Skjalgsson, 76 Ermengard, 232–233 Eskil (archbishop of Lund), 210, 211 Estrid Sigfastsdotter: domestic farm life of, 157–164; family of, 158,

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Estrid Sigfastsdotter (continued) 160; grave of, 157–159, 160, 201; religious life of, 158–160 Ethelred, King, 59, 129, 151, 206, 208 Ethelstan. See Guthrum/Ethelstan, King Europe, Scandinavia as part of, 155–156, 210–211, 246–247 European economy, Vikings’ impact on, 10, 123–130. See also coins and coinage European Union, Charlemagne venerated by, 43 Eyndr (chieftain), 215 Eyvind (chieftain), 208 Eyvind the Plagiarist, 183, 192, 230 famine, 162, 178–179 Farm beneath the Sand, 64–66 farms and farming in Scandinavia: dwelling houses of, 173, 175; furnishings of, 172; gender roles in, 165–168, 170; impact of war and violence on, 179–180; as interdependent endeavors, 175–176; longhouses, 171–173; natural disasters as threat to, 178; outbuildings at, 173; plows used in, 169–170; at Sanda, 176–177. See also Farm beneath the Sand Fastvi Onämnsdotter, 24 Finland, 155 Folkmar (archbishop of Cologne), 205 Folkunga dynasty, 155 food preparation, as woman’s role, 168–169 fornyrðislag (Old Norse meter), 165, 220 Frank, Roberta, 37–38 Frankish armies, 18, 23–24, 33, 41–44, 71–72 Frankish civil war, 12, 18 Frankish Empire, role of in Christian conversion, 202–203

Frisia, 48–49, 70, 122 Frösö, church at, 193–194, 195, 198 funerary rituals, 4, 30, 53, 84, 147, 149; Christian and pre-Christian practices as used in, 199, 200–201; in Greenland, 62, 63; regional differences in, 132; ship burials, 4, 72, 74, 90–97. See also graves; runestones furs, as trading commodity, 112–114 futhark, 216–217. See also runic alphabet; runic inscriptions Gauzbert (missionary), 121, 204, 205 Genesis, 189 Germain of Paris. See Translation of St. Germain of Paris ghosts, runic inscriptions relating to, 224–226 Gislemar (missionary), 203 Gnëzdovo, shipyard at, 80 Godfrid, King, 106–107, 132–133, 134, 145, 146, 202 Gohard, Bishop, 15, 16 Gokstad, Norway, archeological excavation at, 30–31, 74 Gorm, King, 149, 150 Goths, 51–52 Gotland, island of: picture stones on, 88–89, 234–235; settlements on, 73; ship settings on, 90; shipyard at, 80; silver coins found on, 99–101, 105; as Swedish territory, 155; trade towns on, 105–106 Grágás, 165 grains, planting and harvesting of, 169–171 graves: animal bones found in, 163; archeological investigation of, 147, 148–149, 157–159, 162–164; of children, 162–163; fear of ghosts at, 223–224; at Jelling, 148–149; of men versus women, 163 Greenland, 132; archeological excavation in, 61–62, 64–66, 67; Eastern

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Settlement of, 60–62, 66; Farm beneath the Sand in, 64–66; Scandinavian immigrants to, 60–69; Western Settlement of, 60, 62, 65–66 Greenlandic Annals, 62 Gruffudd ap Cynan, 56 Gulatingslov, 80, 143 guldgubbar, 193, 196 Gunnarr (king of Burgundy), 35 Guthfrith, 54 Guthred, King, 53–54, 56 Guthrum/Ethelstan, King, as Viking leader, 52–53, 56, 70, 152 Hæsten (chieftain), 57 Hafrsfjord, battle of, 39 Hagia Sofia, 213–214 Håkon Håkonsson, 244 Håkon Magnusson, 144 Håkon Sigurdsson (earl of Lade), 131, 153, 230; as proponent of pagan religion, 181–185, 199, 206–207 Håkon the Good, 138, 152 Háleygjatal, 183 Hallfred Ottarsson, 208 halls of the chieftains, 6–8, 138–141, 172–173; at Lejre, 7, 139, 172 Halvdan (mentioned in Saxo Grammaticus narrative), 38 Halvdan (Scandinavian traveler), 213 Halvdan, King, 52, 53, 70, 165 Hamlet (Shakespearean character), 146–147 hammer amulet, 92, 185 Harald, King, 47, 50, 133, 146, 202–203, 205 Harald Bluetooth, 136, 147–151, 152–153, 184; Christian conversion of, 205, 208–209; military fortifications of, 149–151, 243; runic monument of, 131–132, 148, 149, 153 Harald Fairhair, King, 39, 152, 153, 231

Harald Hardruler, King, 26, 87, 88, 107, 136–137, 230; at Stamford Bridge, 136–137, 153–154, 241–242 Harold Godwineson, 241–242 Harun ar-Rashid, Caliph, 71 Hastings, battle of, 242 Hávamál, 183 Havelok the Dane, 55 health problems and disease, of people in Scandinavia, 162–163, 164 Hedeby (Schleswig): church in, 146; ship found near, 74–75, 76; slave trade in, 117; as trade town, 104, 105, 106–110, 129 height, average, 163 Heimskringla, 75, 87, 152 Hel (King Magnus’s ax), 26 Helgi the Lean, 199–200 Henry II, King, 59 Henry III, Emperor, 127 Henry of Huntingdon, 34, 38 Hincmar (archbishop of Reims), 20, 48, 72 Hippocrates, 51 Hirdlov (Law of the Retinue), 143–144, 145, 151 Holmbjörn, 141 Honorius III, Pope, 244 Horath (bishop of Schlesvig/Hedeby), 209 Horik, King, 133, 146, 205 Hrothgar, King. See Beowulf Hrynhenda, 227–229 Hungarius (bishop of Utrecht), 48–49 Hymir (mythological giant), 185–187 Hymir’s Poem, 185–186 Iaroslav, Grand Prince, 50 ibn Fadlan, Ahmad: narrative accounts of, 101–104, 113, 114–115; ship burial described by, 94–97 Ibrahim ibn Yacoub al-Tartushi, 108–109, 197

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Iceland: Christianity in, 199–200; Erik the Red in, 60; Scandinavian influence in, 51, 70, 132 Icelandic sagas, 34–35, 38–39, 55, 138, 197 Indre monastery, 15, 16 Ingvar (chieftain), 82–83 Inuit, 66 Ireland: Vikings in, 54–56 Ivar Bardarson, 65–66 Ivar Boneless, 35, 37 Jelling: graves at, 148–149; royal compound at, 147–150; runic monument in, 131–132, 148, 153 Jeremiah (prophet), 155 jewelry, Viking Age, 238–239. See also brooches Job, book of, 188 Jon Arnason (bishop of Gardar, Greenland), 63 Jordanes (historian), 51–52, 112, 132 Justinian, Emperor, 213 Jutland, 133, 145–146; longhouse in, 172; and royal compound at Jelling, 147–150 Karlevi, runestone at, 220–223, 224 Kaupang, 104 kennings, 134–135, 138, 222, 224, 226, 228, 229, 232, 233, 222. See also poetry, skaldic keys, 173, 174 kingship in Scandinavia: in Denmark, 131–132, 144–152, 243; emergence of, 131–132, 142–145, 155–156, 243– 244; evolving nature of, 244–246; law book as guide for, 143–144; in Norway, 144, 147, 152–154; role of the Church in, 142–144, 148, 155–156, 198–199, 205–211, 244–245, 246; succession to, 144; in Sweden, 144–145, 154–155

Knútsdrápa, 35 Kormakr (poet), 141 Labrador peninsula, 68–69 Lambert, 17 Leif Eriksson, 62, 68 Lejre: hall at, 7, 139, 172; pagan ritual at, 194–195 leprosy, 164 Leviathan, biblical story of, 188 Liafdag (bishop of Ribe), 209 Lillinggården, 173 Lindholm amulet, 217 Lindisfarne monastery, Viking raid on, 21, 23 List of Rig, The, 161, 166, 177–178 Loki, 190 Long Serpent (ship), 75 longhouses, as center of the farm, 171–173 Lothar, Emperor, 47–48 Lothar II, King, 48 Lothen (chieftain), 116–117 Louis (abbot of St. Denis monastery), 125 Louis the German, 47, 48, 204, 205 Louis the Pious, Emperor, 18, 19–20, 47, 132, 133, 146, 202, 203, 204 Máel Mórda, King, 55 Magnus Barelegs, King, 244 Magnus Eriksson, 144 Magnus Håkonsson, King, 143 Magnus Olavsson, King, 77, 141–142, 153, 208; skaldic poetry honoring, 26, 227–229, 230, 231 Mälaren, Lake, 154 Maldon, battle of, 27–31, 40, 206 malnutrition, 162, 164 Malthus, Thomas, 51 Mark, Gospel according to, 192 Martin of Tours, St., 207 Matthew, Gospel according to, 207

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mead, 1, 7 Midgard Serpent, 186, 187 mills, 170 missionaries. See Christian missionaries Mjöllnir (Thor’s hammer), 185, 199–200 moldboard plows, 169–170 monasteries. See churches and monasteries money. See coins and coinage moneyers, 129–130. See also coins and coinage names, personal, 58, 160, 161. See also place-names Nantes, Viking attack on, 15–21 navigation, challenges of, 84–86. See also Viking ships Nicolaus Breakspear, Cardinal Bishop (Pope Adrian IV), 210, 211 Noah, biblical story of, as conflated with pagan beliefs, 188–189 Norse culture, as transplanted to other countries, 11, 57–60, 70. See also Norse mythology; poetry, skaldic Norse language, as influence on English, 46–47, 57–58 Norse mythology: conflation of with Christian mythology, 188–189, 192; gods’ names as used for the days of the week, 192; as manifested in place-names, 197; Snorri’s handbook on, 187–191; sources for, 184–192; as woven into skaldic poetry, 134–136. See also pagan religion North America, Greenlanders in, 67–68 Northumbria, Vikings in, 52, 53 Norway: as Scandinavian kingdom, 132, 152–154; unification of, 152

Obodrites, Godfrid’s attack on, 43, 106, 133, 145 Oddr Snorrason, 207 Odin: as ancestor of Håkon, 181–184, 185; as Norse god, 27, 190, 191, 194, 198, 234; in place-names, 197; in skaldic poetry, 183, 186, 196, 231. See also pagan religion Ohman, Olof, 216 Olav (son of King Lagmann), 55 Olav Cuaran, 54–55 Olav Guthfrithsson, 53 Olav Haraldsson, 31, 76, 84, 118–119, 141–42, 160, 205, 208, 227; poetry in homage to, 87, 131, 134, 196; as saint, 26, 153, 245 Olav Tryggvason, 75, 88, 151, 153, 154, 185, 198; Christian conversion of, 205–208, 209 Olof Eriksson, King, 50, 129–130, 153, 154, 160 Ölvaldi (mythological giant), 135 Oppland, 131, 134 Oseberg ship burial, 73, 83, 91, 92–94, 95; decorative carvings on, 237, 238; tapestry found with, 233–234 Östen. See Estrid Sigfastsdotter Ottar (chieftain), 84, 104, 110, 111, 121; tribute paid to, 112–113 Ottar the Black (poet), 79, 166 pagan religion, 10, 141, 211; and conflation with Christian mythology, 188–189, 192, 199–201; Håkon Sigurdsson as follower of, 181–185, 199, 206–207; rituals of, 193–197; temple celebrating, 192–193. See also Norse mythology Page, Raymond I., 196 Paschal II, Pope, 210 Paul the Deacon, 51–52 Paviken, as trade town, 105–106 picture stones, 88–89, 234–236

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pigs, as food source, 171 place-names, origins of, 59, 197 plows, 169–170 Poetic Edda, 185 poetry, skaldic, 54–55, 56, 227–233; allusive style of, 37; circumlocutions in, 39, 134–135, 225–226; as homage to chieftains, 4–5, 131, 134–138, 141–142, 181–184; pagan imagery used in, 181–187; romantic love in, 232–233; sea battles described in, 87–88; ships mentioned in, 76, 77–78, 79, 84; valkyries in, 231–232; violent imagery in, 27–31, 35–36, 229–230; by women, 233; women in, 229–233. See also Arnorr (poet); Einar (poet); Sigvat Thordarson pottery, 2 Prose Edda, 187–188 Prudentius, 18–20 Qagssiarssuk, Greenland (Brattahlid), 61 Ragenbert (priest), 110 Ragnall (son of Guthred), 54 Ragnall Guthfrithsson, 54 Ragnar Hairy-Breeches (Loðbrók), 34–36, 37 Ragnarök (Fate of the Gods), 184, 190, 191 Ragnvald (earl of the Orkneys), 36, 232–233, 234 Ragnvald (Norwegian king), 183 Ragnvald (Swedish warrior), 24 Rainald (count of Nantes), 17 Ramsundsberget, Sweden, runic inscriptions at, 235–236, 237 Ravn, runestone for, 82 Reginbrand (bishop of Aarhus), 209 Reginfrid, 133, 134 Reichenau, monastery of, 159–160, 161

religion. See Christianity; churches and monasteries; pagan religion Revelation, book of, 192 Rimbert (archbishop of Hamburg- Bremen), 106, 109, 117, 203, 204–205 Ring of the Nibelung (Wagner), 9 Robert (archbishop of Rouen), 208 Rodulfus Glaber, 178–179 Rök, Sweden, runestone in, 218–219 Roman Empire, as Christian influence in Scandinavia, 201 Roric/Rörik (“king”), 45–49, 69–70, 203. See also Rurik/Rörik Rörik (farmer in Styrstad), 45, 70 Roskilde, Denmark: ships found near, 74, 75, 76, 78; Viking Ship Museum at, 78 Rouen, Viking attack on, 22–23 Royal Frankish Annals, 41, 42 runes: oldest examples of, 215–216; recent use of, 216 runestones, 45, 46, 81–82, 86, 141, 165, 214; animal depicted on, 239–40; at Hedeby, 218; as hoax, 216; at Karlevi, 220–223; merchants memorialized on, 111; at Ölsta, 239–240; in Rök, Sweden, 218–220; ships depicted on, 89–90; Thor invoked on, 185, 186; women acknowledged on, 161–162. See also runic inscriptions runic alphabet (futhark), 216–217; different phonetic values of, 217 runic inscriptions: in Bergen Norway, 214; differing interpretations of, 218–220; at Hagia Sofia, 213–214; as insight into history, 218; at Ramsundsberget, 235–236; relating to ghosts, 224–226; in Rörbro, 215. See also runestones Rurik/Rörik (Russian ruler), 46, 49–50, 69

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Rurikids, 49 Rus, 50; ibn Fadlan’s accounts of, 94–97, 102–103; watercraft used by, 80–81 Russia: Rurik as ruler of, 49–50; Scandinavian influences in, 50. See also Rus Russian Primary Chronicle, 50, 115 Saga of Erik the Red, 60, 68 Saga of Olav Tryggvason, 88 Saga of the Greenlanders, 60, 68 Saga of the Volsungs, 235 St. John’s Day, Viking attack on, 15, 17–18 Sami nomads, 112–113, 194, 211 Samsø, canal at, 145–146 Sanda, farm at, 176–177 Saxo Grammaticus, 38, 39, 146 Saxons, 42 scales and weights: found in graves, 160, 176; as used in trade, 126–127 Scandinavia: bishoprics established in, 209–210; changing military tactics of, 245–247; Christian conversion of, 155, 198–211; Christian missionaries in, 198–199, 201–202, 203–205; European influences on, 10, 12, 70; fragmentation of power in, 133–134; as influence on other cultures, 12, 57–60, 70; as part of Europe, 155–156, 210–211, 246–247; as patriarchal society, 161; syncretism in, 188–189, 192, 199–201. See also Norse culture; Vikings; Viking ships Scandinavian ancestry, genetic evidence of, 57 Scandinavian influences: on the English language, 46–47; found in Russia, 50 Scandinavian kingdoms. See kingship in Scandinavia

Scania, Sweden, 132, 140, 145, 150 Schleswig. See Hedeby Sciringes healh (Kaupang), 104, 110, 113 scop (Anglo-Saxon poet), 226 sea battles, 86–88 seabirds, as navigational guide, 85 seafaring: dangers of, 86; as metaphor for journey to the Afterworld, 72, 90–92, 93–94, 96. See also navigation; Viking ships Sedulius Scottus, 48 Shakespeare, William, 146–147 ship burials, 4, 72, 74, 90–97, 234 ship settings, 90 ships. See Viking ships shoes, 167–168 Sibbi (chieftain), 225 Siegfried (Wagner), 235 Sigifrit, King, 145 Sigrid Björnsdottir, 66 Sigurd, Earl, 55 Sigurd Håkonsson, 141 Sigurd Munn, King, 147 Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, 35 Sigurd the dragon-slayer, 235–236 Sigvat Thordarson, 31, 131, 160, 198; poem in praise of Queen Astrid, 141–142; as skaldic poet, 35, 76, 119, 131, 134, 135, 196, 197, 208; violent imagery used by, 36, 37; as warrior poet, 84, 87 silk, as luxury good, 119–121, 122 silver coins: Arabic dirhams, 92, 101–103, 238; found on Gotland, 99–101; as used in Europe and Scandinavia, 103–104, 124–126 Sitric (son of Guthred), 54 Sitric Silkenbeard, 55, 56, 70 Skáldatal, 226 skalds/skaldic poetry. See poetry, skaldic Skansen open-air museum, 239

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Skarðsbók, 76 Skuldelev 1, 74, 77 Skuldelev 2, 78, 79 Skuldelev 5, 72 slave trade, 109, 116–118 snake pit, 35 Snorri Sturluson, 187–191 soapstone mold, 199–200 Söderberg, Sven, 225 Spånga, Sweden, runestone at, 89–90 spears, 28–29 Stamford Bridge, battle at, 136–137, 153–154, 241–242 Staraya Ladoga, as trade town, 105, 114 Stavar (chieftain), 99–100 Stavgard, 100 Steinunn Refsdóttir, 233 Stephen (archbishop of Uppsala), 210, 211 stones. See picture stones; runestones; ship settings storytelling. See Icelandic sagas; Norse mythology; poetry, skaldic Styrstad, Sweden, 45, 46 Svein Estridsson, King, 88, 107, 151, 242, 245 Svein Forkbeard, King, 56–57, 149, 151, 153, 218, 241, 205–206 Sverre, King, 147, 226 Svölðr, battle of, 88, 153, 154 Sweden, as Scandinavian kingdom, 132, 154–155 sword making 31, 32–34 swords, 31–34 Tacitus, 154 tapestry, found with the Oseberg ship burial, 233–234 tax collection, 59, 244–245, 246. See also danegelds textiles, tools and materials used in making, 64–65, 166–167

Thangbrand (missionary), 233 Thietmar (bishop of Merseburg), 194–195 Thirty Years’ War, 216 Thjodhild (wife of Erik the Red), 61–62 Thjodolf Arnorsson, 77–78, 230, 231 Thjodolf of Hvini, 36, 183 Thor: 92, 184, 185; conflation of, with Christ, 199–200; stories of, 185–188. See also pagan religion Thorbiörn hornklofi, 231 Thorfinn (earl of the Orkneys), 138 Thorgils Orraskald (poet), 54–55 Thorkell (chieftain), 59 Thorketill (chieftain), 41, 44 Thórsdrápa, 185 Thorstein Olafsson, 66 Tír dá Glas, abbot of, 20 Tosti (chieftain), 41, 44 trade and exchange: with the Arab Caliphate, 102–103, 113, 114–115, 126; archeological evidence of, 107–108; of bulk commodities, 127–129; and the European economy, 123–130; extent of, 103–104; of fish, 128; of furs, 112–114, 116; of luxury goods, 118–121; as practiced and promoted by the Vikings, 10, 50, 97, 104–105, 123–130; with the Russians, 113–114; scales and weights used in, 126–127. See also coins and coinage; slave trade, Scandinavian; trade towns trade routes, as used by the Vikings, 9, 12, 109, 110–112, 113–114, 115–116. See also navigation trade towns, 104–111, 123, 129–130; food supply for, 176. See also Birka; Dorestad; Hedeby Translation of St. Germain of Paris, 22–24, 33, 34–35 trelleborgs: built by King Harald, 150

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tribute, demanded by Viking raiders, 40–43, 112–113 turf houses, in Greenland, 64, 67 Ulf from Orkesta, 40–41 Ulfberht, swords made by, 32–34, 122 Ulfr Uggason, 187 Unni (archbishop of Bremen), 159 Uppåkra, pagan temple at, 193–194, 198 Uppsala, pagan rituals at, 194, 195, 198 Uzbekistan, 103 Vafthrudnir’s Sayings, 188–189 Valdemar I, King, 152, 244 Valdemar II, King, 152, 244 Valhalla, depicted on picture stones, 234–235 valkyries, 231–232 Valsgärde, 94, 121 Varangians, as term for Vikings, 24, 26, 49, 115, 153 Vellekla, 182 Viking raiders: churches as target of, 11–12, 15–16; as communities of warriors, 7–8; goals of, 18–19, 39–40, 41; merchants as targets of, 122–123; psychological warfare used by, 23–24; stories of, 34–41; tactics of, 16–18; tribute demanded by, 40–43; violence associated with, 9–10, 12, 15–21, 34–41; weapons used by, 24–34; written accounts of, 19–24; young men as, 164–165. See also poetry, skaldic Viking raids: planning for, 5–6; as source of riches, 10; theological spin on, 21–22 Viking ships, 11, 71–72, 97, 245–246; archeological excavations of, 73, 74–75, 80, 83, 91, 92–94, 95; burial of, 72, 74, 90–97; cargo ships,

73–74, 111–112, 128; construction of, 75–76, 78–79; depicted on runestones, 89–90; importance of, 72, 97; longships, 74–75; materials used for, 73, 76, 80; navigation of, 84–86; oars for, 83–84; poetry honoring, 76, 77–78, 79, 84; portaging of, 115; reconstructions of, 72, 74, 77, 78–79; repairs for, 79–80; sails of, 73, 77–78; size of, 74–75; types of, 73–74; warships, 72–73 Viking shipyards, 80 Vikings: achievements of, 10–11; celebratory meals of, 1–4; emigration of, 12, 45–47, 51–53, 69–70; as image used in marketing, 9; impact of on the European economy, 10, 123–130; as label, 13; perceptions of, 8–9, 34–35. See also Scandinavia; Norse culture Vinland sagas, 68–69 violence: archeological evidence of, 62; as means toward a goal, 39–40; in the Middle Ages, 9–10, 12, 42–44; in skaldic poetry, 27–31, 35–36, 229–230; of the Vikings, 9–10, 12, 15–21, 34–41 Vladimir the Great, 116 Völuspá (The Seeress’s Prophecy), 27, 190–192, 197 Wagner, Richard, 235 walnuts, as luxury good, 4, 118–119 weapons used by the Vikings: axes, 24–27; spears, 28–29; swords, 31–34 whalebone, 67, 118; as used in shipbuilding, 92 Whiteshirt, 35 Widukind (monk), 184, 201, 208 William of Malmesbury, 54 William the Conqueror, 154, 242–243 wine: as luxury, 1–2; utensils for, 140

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Witmar (missionary), 203 Witzin, King, 42–43 women in Scandinavia: and food preparation, 168–169; as household managers, 157; role of in the family, 157, 160–162, 164, 173; role of on the farm, 165–168, 170, 173; in skaldic poetry, 229–231; as weavers

and seamstresses, 166–167. See also Estrid Sigfastsdotter wool production, 166. See also textiles Wulfstan (merchant), 110–111, 121, 154 Ynglingatal, 183 Yrling (chieftain), 116–117

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